CALL 911 FIRST if emergency services are available. This page is for backup/offline reference.
Fractures & Broken Bones
Broken bone, possibly open (skin broken) or closed. Goal: immobilize without worsening injury.
Critical Warning
Assume fracture if suspected — don't try to 'test' it. Unstabilized fractures can damage nerves and blood vessels.
Recognize the Signs
- Deformity (limb at unusual angle)
- Severe pain worsened by movement
- Swelling, bruising around injury site
- Inability to use the limb
- Grinding/cracking sound at time of injury
- Bone visible through skin (open fracture)
Action Steps
Don't move victim
Unless they're in immediate danger, leave them in position. Moving a fractured limb can cause nerve/vessel damage.
Control bleeding (open fracture)
Apply pressure around (NOT on) exposed bone. Cover with clean dressing. Do NOT push bone back in.
Immobilize the limb
Splint the joint ABOVE and BELOW the fracture. Use sticks, boards, rolled magazines, trekking poles. Pad with clothing. Secure with cloth strips or tape — snug but not tight.
Check circulation
After splinting, check pulse below the injury. Check fingers/toes for warmth, color, movement. If any are compromised, loosen splint slightly.
Apply ice (if closed)
Wrapped ice pack over splint reduces swelling. 15-20 minutes on, off. Never directly on skin.
Treat for shock
Elevate legs (if not fractured), keep warm, monitor.
Do NOT Do
- Do NOT attempt to reset or straighten a fracture
- Do NOT push exposed bone back into skin
- Do NOT give food or water (in case surgery is needed)
- Do NOT move victim until stabilized, unless in danger
Aftercare
Keep splinted limb elevated. Check pulse and sensation every 15 minutes. Continue cold therapy. Get to hospital for X-rays and proper setting/casting.
When to Get Professional Help
Any suspected fracture needs medical evaluation. Call 911 for: open fractures, deformed limbs, inability to move, neck/spine injury, or signs of nerve/circulation damage (numbness, blue color).